Krok 1 – 2021(Jun 29) (General Medicine)

One of the parts of the central nervous system has a layered arrangement of neurons, among which there are stellate, spindle-shaped, horizontal, and pyramidal cells. This structure corresponds with the following part of the nervous system:

A lab rat has subcutaneously received mercury (II) chloride in the amount of 5 mg/kg. 24 hours later the plasma creatinine concentration increased several times. What mechanism of retention azotemia is observed in this case?

After a collision of two cars, one of the drivers has an extremely painful deformity in the middle third of the left shin. The pain intensifies on an attempt to move the let shin. The ends of a bone with triangular section protrude from the wound. Th blood loss increases. What bone is likely to be damaged?

One of the causes of pernicious anemia is disturbed synthesis of transcorrin – Castle’s intrinsic factor – by the parietal cells of the stomach. What substance is called Castle’s extrinsic factor?

A 3-year-old child has been brought by an ambulance to the intensive care unit of the infectious diseases hospital. On examination the child is in severe condition, skin and mucosa are dry, tissue turgor is reduced. The patient’s history states that profuse diarrhea and recurrent vomiting were observed throughout the previous day after the child had eaten food products of poor quality. What type of salt and water imbalance is likely to have developed in the patient?

A histological preparation demonstrates a gland. In its lobules there are acini with secretory cells that have two zones. Their basal zone is homogeneous basophilic, while the apical one is zymogenic oxyphilic. What organ has these key morphological features?

You work with the following specimens:

1. brucellosis topical vaccine;
2. leptospirosis vaccine;
3. BCG vaccine;
4. adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus pertussis vaccine (DTP vaccine);
5. tetanus toxoid adsorbed.

What kind of immunity do they

A 45-year-old man with acute pneumonia has developed pulmonary edema on the 6th day of illness, which resulted in his death. Autopsy shows that the entire upper lobe of the right lung is affected. This lobe is enlarged, dense, and gray on section. It has fibrinous deposits on the pleura. A cloudy liquid flows from the section surface. Microscopy shows fibrin, neutrophils, macrophages, and hemolyzed erythrocytes in the lumen of the alveoli. What type of pneumonia is the patient present with?

A man presents with convergent strabismus. What muscle of the eyeball is damaged in this case?

Autopsy of the body of a 40- year-old patient detected groups of enlarged follicles in the small intestine. Their surface has ridges and fissures arranged in a pattern that resembles gyri and sulci of the brain. The follicles protrude above the surface of the intestinal mucosa. On section they are gray-red and juicy. Microscopy shows proliferation of monocytes, histiocytes, and reticular cells, there are macrophage clusters that form granulomas, while lymphocytes are depleted. What disease can be characterized by these changes?

A man presents with decreased blood pH, low levels of bicarbonate ions (a drop in the blood alkaline reserve), and increased blood and urine levels of lactic and pyruvic acids. What type of acid-base imbalance is it?

A 7-year-old girl has signs of anemia. Laboratory testing determined the deficiency of pyruvate kinase in her erythrocytes. In this case the main role in anemia development belongs to the disturbance of a certain process. What process is disturbed in this girl?

Autopsy of the body of a person, who died after an abdominal surgery, revealed numerous thrombi in the veins of the lesser pelvis. Clinically, thromboembolism syndrome was registered. Where should the pathologist search for thromboembolas?

Exo- and endotoxins, aggression enzymes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of cholera. Dehydration is the main syndrome of this disease. Which of the following pathogenetic effects is the main cause of dehydration?

A worker at a factory that produces vanadium compounds presents with increased ossification caused by high calcium levels in his bone tissues. This condition is likely to be associated with the activity of:

During an abdominal surgery, a reflex cardiac arrest has occurred. Where is this reflex center located?

A patient has gradually developed a skin plaque on his face. In the center of this plaque there are necrotic patch and an ulcer. Histo-pathological analysis of the biopsy material reveals proliferation of atypical epithelial cells with large number of pathological mitoses. Make the diagnosis.

A 32-year-old man was diagnosed with acute radiation sickness. Laboratory analysis detected a sharp decrease in platelet serotonin levels. The most likely cause of a decrease in platelet serotonin is a disturbed decarboxylation of:

Bacteria entered the alveolar space of an acinus. Here they interacted with the surfactant, leading to activation of the cells localized in the alveolar walls and on the alveolar surface. Name these cells:

Autopsy of the body of a 45- year-old woman, who was suffering from upper body obesity, steroid-induced diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and secondary ovarian dysfunction, shows hypertrichosis, hirsutism, and striae on the skin of the thighs and abdomen. In the anterior part of the pituitary gland there is a tumor (microscopically it is a basophilic adenoma). In the adrenal glands, hyperplasia of the fascicular zone is observed. What diagnosis is the most likely?

Due to an uncontrolled intake of a vitamin supplement, a child developed anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, hyperthermia, haemorrhages on the skin and mucosa, as well as the signs of meningism. What supplement was the child taking?

With age a person develops presbyopia (farsightedness). Why does it happen?

A 63-ycar-old man, according to his relatives, had three episodes of unconsciousness. His respiration rate is 18/min., heart rate 45/min., blood pressure-100/70 mm Hg. ECG shows that the frequency of P waves is 80/min., while the frequency of ventricular complexes is 42/min. What type of arrhythmia is the most likely in this case?

Her husband has been suffering from this disorder since birth. The woman is healthy and there were no people with haemophilia among her ancestors. Determine the likelihood of a boy with haemophilia being born in this family: Cmopima.

A 35-year-old parturient woman is diagnosed with a pain syndrome associated with a delay in the first stage of labor. What medicine would be optimal for pain relief in this case?

It is known that hepatitis D virus belongs to defective viruses and can reproduce in the host cells only in the presence of virus of:

A man complains that at a mention of past tragic events in his life he develops tachycardia, shortness of breath, and a sharp increase in blood pressure. What structures of the central nervous system enable such cardio-respiratory responses?

An electron micrograph of the red bone marrow shows a megakaryocyte. Its peripheral part of the cytoplasm permeated by demarcation channels. What is the role of these structures

A 20-year-old woman with intestinal polyposis has a history of frequent fungal and viral diseases. What part of the immune system is most likely to be deficient in this case?

A biopsy material was obtained from the arches of the patient’s soft palate due to a suspected tumor (macroscopy detected an ulcer with the dense floor). In the biopsy material the following was detected: necrosis of the mucosa with infiltration of the submucosal layer by lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, plasma cells, and single neutrophils. Notable is the presence of marked endovasculitis and perivasculitis. The described changes are characteristic of:

A 23-year-old woman came to the emergency department complaining of bloody diarrhea, fatigue and confusion. A few days earlier, she went to a fast food restaurant for a birthday party. Her friends are experiencing similar symptoms. Laboratory studies show anemia. Which of the following would you most likely obtain for microbiologic testing?

A patient with an acute transmural left ventricular myocardial infarction has died of cardiac rupture and tamponade. What process in the infarction zone could have contributed to the rupture?

A man presents with noticeable progressive muscular dystrophy. What indicator of urinary nitrogen metabolism is characteristic of this condition?

Examination of the femoral bone detected chronic suppurative inflammation of the compact substance and bone marrow, formation of bone sequestra. What disease is associated with such changes?

In a woman with bronchial asthma, a viral infection provoked a fatal status asthmaticus. Pulmonary histology shows a spasm and an edema of bronchioles. A marked infiltration with lymphocytes, eosinophils, and other leukocytes, as well as degranulation of mast cells, can be observed in their walls. What mechanism of hypersensitivity underlies the described changes?

An infant presents with colored sclerae and mucous membranes. The infant’s urine becomes dark when exposed to air. Homogentisic acid was detected in blood and urine. What disease is likely to be the cause of the infant’s condition?

Against the background of an allergic reaction, a child has developed laryngeal edema. What type of respiratory failure developed in this case?

A man has asked a cosmetologist to remove a tattoo from his shoulder. What substance, contained in the connective tissue, limits the spread of the dye?

The process of tissue respiration is accompanied by oxidation of organic compounds and synthesis of macroergic molecules. In what organelles does this process occur?

A man has tissue ischemia below the knee joint, accompanied by intermittent claudication. What artery is likely to be occluded in this case?

A 16-year-old young man complains of itching between the fingers and on his abdomen that intensifies at night. Examination detects thin gray streaks and fine rash on his skin. What is the most likely causative agent of this disease?

Histology of the thyroid gland that was removed in the course of a surgery reveals destruction and atrophy of the follicles and a diffuse lymphocytic infiltration with formation of lymphoid follicles in the stroma. This type of thyroiditis belongs to the following group of diseases:

A man had a trauma and subsequent hemorrhagic, bursitis of the left knee joint. When examined 3 months later, he has a limited range of motion in this joint because of scar formation. What component of inflammation is the basis for the development of this complication?

A 40-year-old man with pulmonary tuberculosis was prescribed isoniazid. Prolonged taking of this drug can result in development of the following vitamin deficiency:

Mother of a 2-year-old child made an appointment with the dentist. She complains of teeth destruction in her child. Examination shows that the milk teeth of the child are deformed, carious, and have a brown border at their cervices. Medical history of the mother revealed that during her pregnancy she had been taking antibiotics without the doctor’s prescription. What group of antibiotics with the most marked teratogenic effect was likely taken by the mother?

A bioterrorist has mailed an envelope with a powder that is suspected to contain anthrax causative agent. This envelope can remain dangerous for a long time, because anthrax causative agent:

When examining a child, the pediatrician noted that the child presents with delayed physical and mental development. Urinalysis showed an acute increase in the levels of a keto acid that produces a qualitative color reaction with ferric chloride. What metabolic disturbance was detected in this case?

A patient with high blood levels of sulfhemoglobin was brought into the intensive care unit. What type of hypoxia occurred in this case?

A man suffers from acne and inflammatory changes in the skin of his face. Microscopy of a material obtained from the lesion foci reveals living elongated creatures of the phylum Arthropoda with 4 pairs of reduced limbs. What is the preliminary diagnosis?

People, who live in mountainous areas, have an increased erythrocyte count in blood, which may be caused by an increase in production of the following in the kidneys:

Fibrogastroscopy of a 48-year-old man, a driver, with complaints of epigastric pain after eating shows hyperemic gastric mucosa with reduced folds. In the gastrobiopsy specimen, microscopy detects thinned mucosa, reduced number of glands, and proliferation of connective tissue infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasma cells. Make a diagnosis.

A patient for a long time was on an imbalanced diet low in proteins, which resulted in hepatic fatty infiltration. This condition is likely to develop if a certain substance is absent in a person’s diet. Name this substance:

A man presents with atrophy of the posterior group of calf muscles. What nerve is affected in this case?

Laboratory tests of a 54 year-old man show that his inulin clearance is 120 mL/min, which means that the following process occurs normally in this man

A patient has elevated blood pressure due to increased vascular tone. To lower the blood pressure in this case it is necessary to prescribe the blockers of

A 38-year-old woman, who was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 3 years ago, came to her physician with a complaint of facial swelling and decreased urination that she first noticed 2 weeks ago. She currently takes azathioprine and corticosteroid. Her vital signs snow blood pressure 150/90 mm Hg, pulse – 91/min., temperature – 36.8^oC and respiratory rate – 15/min. On physical examination, the doctor notices erythematous rash on her face exhibiting a butterfly pattern. The laboratory studies reveal hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and proteinuria. The most likely mechanism of SLE’s complication in this patient is

After 10 days of antibiotic treatment, the patient developed signs of dysbiosis: dyspeptic phenomena, candidomycosis, jaundice, and photosensitization. It means that the patient was taking an antibiotic of the following group:

Sigmoidoscopy of a 10-year-old child shows the rectal and sigmoid mucosa to be swollen, reddish, and covered in a thick layer of mucus. These changes correspond with the following pathology

Anaprilin (propranolol) therapy had a positive effect on the disease course in a 44-year-old woman with angina pectoris. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?

A 43-year-old man came to a neurologist with complaints of shortness of breath, chest pain, hiccups, and problematic cough movements. What nerves are affected in this case?

Name the drug, that has a detrimental effect on erythrocytic forms of malarial plasmodiae and Entamoeba histolytica and is used for treatment and prevention of malaria, as well as for treatment of amebiasis and collagen diseases.

A 48-year-old man is unconscious. He has a history of several syncopal episodes with convulsions. ECG shows deformed QRS complexes unconnected with P waves, atrial contractions are approximately 70/min., ventricular contractions 25-30/min. Name the type of arrhythmia in this case:

he first-aid centre has received a victim of a traffic accident diagnosed with a closed displaced fracture of the middle third of the thigh. For repositioning of bone fragments the patient received 10 mL of 2% dithulium solution intravenously, which resulted in a prolonged period of apnoea and muscle relaxation. What enzyme is deficient, resulting in such pharmacogenetic enzymopathy

Chest X-ray of a newborn child with convulsive syndrome and a defect of the interventricular septum revealed thymus hypoplasia. What type of immunodeficiency can be suspected in the child?

A patient with scurvy presents with impaired hydroxylation of collagen proline and lysine. What biochemical process is inhibited in this case, being the reason for this disorder?

Analysis of a clear lemon-yellow liquid obtained from a patient via abdominal tap shows the following: relative density – 1012, albumin – 1%. globulins – 0.2%, no fibrinogen, leukocytes -1-3 in the vision field. The liquid is sterile, it did not curdle after an hour. Which of the listed phenomena is associated with such findings?

As a result of the injury, the spinal cord of a person was damaged with a complete its rupture at the level of the first cervical vertebra. How will the breathing of the patient change?

A 60-year-old man was taking digoxin systematically. His condition first improved and then started to deteriorate. He developed bradycardia and arrhythmia. What is the underlying phenomenon of this state?

A 16-year-old girl has no hair on the pubis and in the armpits, her mammary glands are underdeveloped. She has no menstruation. What hormone imbalance can these symptoms be the indicative of?

A certain natural antioxidant is used in treatment of parodontosis. Which of the listed natural compounds is used as an antioxidant?

Hematologic study shows the following pattern: erythrocytes -2,8 x 10¹²/L, Hb – 80 g/L, color ‘index – 0.85, reticulocytes – 0,1%, platelets – 160 thousand per microliter, leukocytes – 60 x 10⁹ /L. Basocytes – 2%, eosinophils – 8%, promyelocytes – 5%, myelocytes – 5%, juvenile – 16%, stab neutrophils – 20%, segmented neutrophils – 34%, lymphocytes – 5%, monocytes – 5%. This clinical presentation indicates the following blood pathology:

After a hypertensive crisis, a man has lost voluntary movements in his right arm and leg. The muscle tone in these limbs is increased. What type of disorder of the nervous system’s motor function can be observed in this case?

During a surgery, the patient received a blood transfusion. In such cases, the donor blood must be tested for antigens of the following causative agent:

After eating fatty foods the patient develops nausea. heartburn, and steatorrhea. What is the likely cause of this condition?

The patient’s blood test shows a significant increase in the activity of the MB-fraction of CPK (creatine phosphokinase) and LDH-1. What pathology can it indicate?

A patient with diabetes mellitus developed a diabetic coma because of an acid-base imbalance. What type of imbalance occurred in this case?

The dorsal root of the spinal nerve of a test animal was severed. What changes will occur in the innervation area?

A man was admitted to the trauma department with an injury on the anterior surface of his left thigh in its lower third. Examination shows a wound 1.5×3 cm in size, located transversely to the thigh, 2 cm above the patella. In the wound, the damaged tendon is well defined. Leg extension is limited in the patient. What muscle is most likely to be functionally impaired?

Clinical and biochemical examination of a patient revealed sickle cell anemia. Measurement of what blood component was decisive for the diagnosis in this case?

A toad was given a solution of a certain chemical substance. As a result, it responds with generalized convulsions to any kind of irritation. What was the toad given in this case?

Autopsy of the body of a 61- year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis shows enlarged and dense yellow-white kidneys with a waxy sheen and areas of cicatricial depressions on their surface. Congo red staining reveals deposition of homogeneous pink masses in the capillary loops of the glomeruli, in the walls of the arterioles and arteries, in the basement membrane of the tubules, and in the stroma. In this case, rheumatoid arthritis was complicated by the development of the following process:

Cushing disease (hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex with increased production of corticosteroids) leads to the development of hyperglycaemia. What process is stimulated in this case?

On examination a woman presents with a swelling, distended veins, and node formation on the medial surface of her thigh. It is a pathology of the following vein:

Autopsy of the body of a child shows a primary intestinal tuberculosis complex: the primary affect is a jejunal ulcer, there are lymphangitis and regional caseous lymphadenitis. The death occurred as a result of ulcer perforation and development of diffuse peritonitis. What is the route of tuberculosis infection in this child?

ECG of a man shows an increased duration of the QT interval. It may be due to a decrease in the speed of the following in the ventricles:

A person has a wound in the abdomen in the right. What part of the colon is most likely to be damaged?

Divers risk developing decompression sickness, when ascending quickly from the depth to the surface, which can result in fatal gas embolism. What gas is released in this case?

Stool analysis detected ascaris eggs in the patient’s feces. What medicine should be prescribed for this patient’s treatment?

A couple gave birth to a son with haemophilia. The parents themselves are healthy, but the maternal grandfather has haemophilia. Determine the type of inheritance of this trait:

A young man provisionally diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome came to a genetic consultancy. What genetic method can be used to confirm the diagnosis?

Absence or insufficient production of lipotropic factors in the human body causes development of fatty degeneration in the liver. What substance can be classified as lipotropic?

A test animal receives electrical impulses that irritate the sympathetic nerve that innervates blood vessels of the skin. What reaction will it cause in the blood vessels?

A smear prepared from the material obtained from a patient with suspected diphtheria contains yellow bacilli with blue grains at their ends. What staining was used in this case?

A histological specimen demonstrates a vessel with the wall that consists of endothelium, basement membrane, and loose connective tissue. This vessel belongs to the following type:

It has been established that from the same amount of glucose a tumor tissue receives 20-25 times less energy than a healthy cell. This phenomenon indicates the following change in the tumor glucose metabolism:

Examination revealed that the patient has an insufficient immunoglobulin count. The likely cause of this finding is a dysfunction of the following immune system cells:

Patients from the same family were admitted to a hospital with edema of the eyelids and face, fever, eosinophilia, headache, and muscle pain. The disease onset occurred 7-10 days after eating pork sausage. Make the diagnosis.

Oxygen tension in the arterial blood of a person has increased to 104 mm Hg., while carbon dioxide tension has been reduced to 36 mm Hg. It is likely to be caused by:

A 56-year-old man complains of thirst and frequent urination. The endocrinologist diagnosed this patient with diabetes mellitus and prescribed him glibenclamide. What mechanism of action docs this drug have?

Microscopy of a lung tissue shows an inflamed area that consists of a necrotic focus surrounded by regular rows of epithelioid and lymphoid cells. There are plasma cells, macrophages, and Pirogov Langhans giant multinucleated cells Specify the type of such inflammation.

24 hours after an appendectomy the patient’s blood test shows neutrophilic leucocytosis with a regenerative shift. What is the most likely mechanism of absolute leucocytosis development in the patient’s peripheral blood?

In hepatitis and myocardial infarction, the activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases sharply increases in the patients’ blood plasma. Why does this increase in the activity of these enzymes in the blood occur?

A person has died of an acute infectious disease accompanied by fever, jaundice, haemorrhagic rash on the skin and mucosa, as well as acute renal failure. Histology of the renal tissues (Romanowsky-Giemsa stain) shows curved bacteria that resemble letters C and S. What bacteria were found?

A 9-year-old child developed a severe case of purulent destructive pneumonia, for which the child received à massive antibacterial therapy. The disease was rapidly progressing. Against the background of marked intoxication, a sharp drop in blood pressure was registered, the patient went into a state of shock, which resulted in the death of the patient. What etiopathogenetic type of shock developed in the child?

A 28-year-old woman was admitted to the gynaecological department with complaints of abdominal pain. An ovarian tumor was clinically detected. Its surgical removal is indicated. During such surgery, it is necessary to cut the ligament connecting the ovary with the uterus. What ligament must the surgeon cut in this case?

A patient with an injury of the greater psoas muscle was delivered to the traumatology center. The patient has lost the ability to extend the lower leg at the knee joint. What nerve is damaged?

A patient has a trauma of the knee joint with crushed patella. With such injury, it is likely that the tendon of a certain thigh muscle is damaged. Name this muscle:

A 25-ycar-old man came to a neurologist with complaints of a weakness in his legs and disturbed gait. The doctor diagnosed him with myasthenia gravis and prescribed him prostin injection. What is the mechanism of action of this medicine?

A 25-year-old man complains of general weakness, chills, and sore throat. Objectively, his tonsillar region is red. His body temperature is 38.6°C. What cells are the main source of endogenous pyrogens that cause the fever in the patient?

Ammonia is extremely toxic for human CNS. What is the main way of ammonia neutralization in the nervous tissue?

A bite of a venomous snake can provoke haemolytic jaundice in a person. What blood plasma value would be the first to increase in a bitten person?

A 63-year-old woman had a gastrointestinal hemorrhage that exposed blood proteins to intestinal microorganisms, i.e. they became a subject to putrefaction. It resulted in an increased concentration of the following substance in the patient’s blood

A man with suspected typhoid fever was admitted to the infectious diseases hospital on the 3rd day of illness. What microbiological method should be used for diagnostics in this case?

A 45-year-old woman developed an acute inflammatory disease of her upper respiratory tract and eyes during the flowering period. She presents with hyperaemia, oedema, and mucous discharge. Increase in the number of what type of leucocytosis would be characteristic in this case?

A man, who recently returned from an African country, came to the urologist complaining of painful urination. A urine sample, obtained for analysis during the daytime, contains eggs with a characteristic spike. Make the diagnosis.

A patient was hospitalized in a comatose state. The patient has a 5-year- long history of diabetes mellitus type 2. Objectively respiration is noisy, deep. Blood glucose is 15.2 mmol/L, ketone bodies – 100 micromol/L. These signs are characteristic of the following diabetes complication:

A man was admitted to the surgical department with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Conservative treatment was started. What medicine is pathogenetically justified in this case?

In an experiment, a frog neuromuscular preparation had been processed with a disappearance of muscle contractions in response to electrical stimulation. What function of the muscle cell membrane is disrupted by curare-like substances?

In the process of human aging, the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic juice decreases and its trypsin levels become lower. It results in disturbed breakdown of:

A 54-year-oId man was diagnosed with macrofocal myocardial infarction of the left ventricle anterior wall. In which artery is the blood flow impaired in this case?

A patient has been taking bisacodyl for a long time to treat chronic constipation. However, several weeks later the aperient effect of the drug diminished. What is the possible cause of this?

A child was diagnosed with helminths. What changes in the peripheral blood will be observed with this pathology?

A patient with essential hypertension, taking hypothiazide (hydrochlorothiazide) treatment. He complains of general weakness, loss of appetite and palpitations. He has muscle hypotonia, flaccid paralyses, and decreased intestinal peristalsis. What can be the cause of this condition?

A 30-year-old man with an incised wound on the plantar surface of the left foot was brought to the traumatology department. Lifting of the lateral side of the foot is limited. What muscle is likely to be functionally disturbed?

Because of the violation of the safety rule while working with organophosphorus insecticide, a worker has developed bronchospasm. Which of the listed broncholytics is indicated in this case?

People, who live in hot climates, have reduced blood levels of a certain hormone that is important for adaptive thermoregulation. What hormone is it?

Examination of a man with signs of hypertension shows that the optimal medicine for him would be a drug that manages the blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system. Name the drug.

Pathological examination of the spinal cord of a deceased 70-year-old man shows destruction and a decrease in the number of cells in the nuclei of the cervical and thoracic anterior horns. What functions were impaired in this man during his life?

A man has facial asymmetry that becomes especially noticeable when he is trying to actively contract his facial muscles. What nerve is functionally impaired in this case?

A 30-year-old man with bacteriologically confirmed dysentery developed signs of paraproctitis. What stage of local changes is the most likely observed in this patient?

A 40-year-old woman during examination presents with intensified basal metabolic rate. Excess in present of what hormone leads to such condition

A group of researchers aimed to study cardiac physiology found that overstretching of area in the heart leads to decreased sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and increase in glomerular filtration rate. Which of the following is the most likely cause of physiologic effects discovered by researchers

During an intense workout, the number of trophic inclusions in the cells of the athlete’s liver and skeletal muscles decreases. What substance belongs to such trophic inclusions?

A 45-year-old woman presents with breast cancer. Metastases the most likely will spread in this case to the following regional lymph nodes:

Anticoagulant therapy is indicated cases of acute thrombosis. What dire acting anticoagulant is used if there is risk of thrombosis?

In the lungs, an enzyme breaks down carbonic acid (H,CO) into water and carbon dioxide that is released with the air. What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

Histology of the cardiac auricle in a patient with mitral valve stenosis revealed Aschoff-Talalaev granulomas. What genesis of heart disease is in this case evident, according to this histological study?

A 28-year-old woman came to a polyclinic with complaints of a headache. The doctor offered her paracetamol, taking into consideration that the woman has a somatic disease. Presence of what concomitant disease affected the prescription specifically paracetamol?

A man is being treated for chronic pneumonia for a long time. Microscopy of sputum smears stained using the Ziehl-Nielsen method reveals red bacilli 0.25×4 microns in size, located separately or sometimes in small clusters. What disease can be suspected?

The Wasserman reaction is markedly positive (++++) in a 30-year-old man. What infectious disease is diagnosed using the Wasserman reaction?

Mitochondrial respiratory chain contains complex cytochrome proteins. What type of reactions do they catalyze?

The dangerous moments in the pathogenesis of myocardial necrosis is the further expansion of the zones of necrosis, dystrophy, and ischemia. An important role in this process belongs to the increased oxygen consumption by the myocardium. What substances contribute to this process?

Patients with ischemic heart disease are usually prescribed small doses of aspirin. This drug inhibits synthesis of platelet aggregation activator, thromboxane A2. What substance is this activator synthesized from?

In an experiment on a dog, it became necessary to reduce the excitability of the myocardium. What solution should be administered to the animal intravenously for this purpose?

A 10-year-old child, due to the detected tumor, underwent a removal of the posterior pituitary lobe. As a result, the following state will occur:

A specimen of a 10-day-old human embryo shows two interconnected sacs (amniotic and yolk sacs) Name the structure located in the place where these two sacs connect:

Blood of a man, who 3 days ago had an acute blood loss, was studied and its leukocyte composition was determined to be as follows: leukocytes – 12 x 10⁹/L, basophils – 0 %, eosinophils – 3 %, monocytes – 0 %, juvenile – 3 %, band neutrophils – 12 %, segmented neutrophils – 62%, lymphocytes – 16%, myelocytes – 4%. What change in the blood leukocyte composition takes place in this case?

After a long course of treatment of sluggish schizophrenia, a man developed signs of parkinsonism. Which of the following drugs could have caused this complication?

A 16-year-old boy from the rural area entered the technical school. During a regular Mantoux test, it turned out that this boy had a negative reaction. What tactics should the doctor choose as the most rational in this case?

A 32-year-old woman was stung by a wasp. The site of the sting is edematous and hyperemic. What is the primary mechanism of edema formation in this case?